Stereo Recording Angle dependend on axis angle SRA mikrophone system X/Y M/S cardoid/cardoid microphone array coincidence microphone calculation recording angle sound incidence angle offset angle intensity stereophonic Zoom H4n Recorder H1 H2n H5 H6 Handy Recorder next - sengpielaudio
 
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Intensity StereophonyCalculation (Excel)
Stereo Recording Angle SRA dependend on Axis Angle
for X/Y Coincidence Microphone Systems: Cardioid/Cardioid
 
A coincidence microphone array is a stereo microphone, in which two directional microphone capsules quite close to each
other are arranged in a common microphone housing, so that hardly occur any differences in delay (phase differences)
due to differences in distance traveled at oblique sound incidence between the two microphone channels.

Calculate the localisation direction for all X / Y coincident microphone systems - Excel calculation ●
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/EBS-Hoerereignisrichtung-Koinzidenzmikrofon138.xls
 
In this Excel program has been entered the full axis angle α = 138,44°, and if you scroll all the way down to "fine tuning of sound incidence angle" θ = 69,22° to find the calculated value of 18 dB or 100,04%.
 
This produces for the sound incidence angle θmax = 69,22°. The Stereo Recording Angle = 2×θmax = 2 × 69,22° = 138,44°.
For a X/Y coincident microphone (cardioid/cardioid) hereby the axis angle α = 138,44° is equal to the Stereo Recording Angle 138,44°. This value was found by a few computational experiments.
The longer formulas used can be found in the Excel calculation. Here, A = 0,5; that means a cardioid microphone..
 
Level difference Δ L = ABS(20*LOG(ABS((A+(1-A)*COS(alpha*PI()/180/2+theta*PI()/180))/(A+(1-A)*COS(alpha*PI()/180/2-theta*PI()/180)))))
 
Localisation direction in percentage b1 = IF((1,729349558*10^-4*theta^4-4,932667999*10^-3*theta^3-0,1485249855*theta*theta+8,81863307*theta)>=100,01;100;(1,729349558*10^-4*theta^4-4,932667999*10^-3*theta^3-0,1485249855*theta*theta+8,81863307*theta))
 
Theory fundamentals: "Intensity Stereophony" (Calculation X/Y level difference Δ L) - German:
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/TheorieGrundlaIntensitaet.pdf
 
"Berechnen der Hörereignisrichtung durch Interchannel-Pegeldifferenz Δ L und Interchannel-Laufzeitdifferenz Δ t bei Phantomschallquellen und Stereo-Lautsprecher" - German:
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Rechner-lokalisationskurven.htm

"Andreas Gernemann-Paulsen, "Formeln und Werte für die Stereophonie" - German:
http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/muwi/ag/umdruck/formst.pdf
 
Attention, in Gernemann's article alpha is not specified as axis angle, but there are the terms of sound incidence angle or recording range and φ as the "microphone off-set angle" or "microphone opening angle". The specified at Gernemann "recording area α" (!) Is not the full range, but only half of it. With his microphone offset angle phi is meant probably my axis angle α.
Formula according Gernemann for the level difference Δ L for a X/Y coincidence micophone cardioid/cardioid.
(Parameter named after Sengpiel)

 
Koinzidenzmikrofon Alpha
 
Resolved α ccording to the formula (without engagement):
 
Koinzidenzmikrofon Alpha
 
α = the axis angle is the angle between the two main axes of the microphones
θ = Angle of Incidence on the XY coincidence microphone system
Δ
L = level difference is 18 dB for the maximum angle of sound incidence ?max
Receiving area = 2 × maximum sound incidence angle θmax (recording angle)
 
For locating a phantom sound source from the direction of a speaker on the stereo-speaker basis, a level difference ofΔ L = 16 dB to 20 dB is needed, depending on the pulse composition and the frequency composition of the audio signal. For calculating the mean value of Δ L there is simply assumed Δ L = 18 dB; see:
"hearing direction b1 in response to the interchannel level difference Δ
L":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/HoerereignRichtungDL.pdf
 
Axis angle a = alpha (α) and incidence angle t = theta (θ)
 
Δ L = 18 dB corresponds to a factor of 10(18/20) = 7.943282347242815
 
The case for coincident cardioids:
 
20*log10((1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))=7.94328
 
Solving for a:
 
Log is not ln, but log to the base of 10.
 
20*log10((1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))=7.94328
 
(20*log(10, (1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))-7.94328)=0
 
http://www.wolframalpha.com/
 
(20*log(10, (1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))-7.94328)=0
 
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(20*log(10, (1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))-7.94328)=0
 
solve (20*log(10, (1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))-7.94328)=0 for a
 
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=solve (20*log(10, (1+cos(a/2+t))/(1+cos(a/2-t)))-7.94328)=0 for a
 
It is a problem to resolve the following equation for a or α:
 
Δ L = 20 · log (1 + cos (α/2 + θ)) / (1 + cos (α/2 - θ)) = 7.94328 (corresponding to 18 dB)
 
Axis angle α = ???

Table: X/Y Microphone Array – cardioid/cardioid
Stereo Recording Angle (SRA) 2×θmax in dependence of the axis angle α
 
Axis
angle α
Recording
angle α/2
Stereo recording
angle 2 · θmax
Sound incidence
angle θmax
60° ±30° 242,6° ±121,3°
70° ±35° 226,0° ±113,0°
80° ±40° 210,4° ±105,2°
- - - 90° - - - - - - ±45° - - - - - - 196,0° - - - - - - ±98,0° - -
100°   ±50° 182,4°   ±91,2°
110°   ±55° 169,8°   ±84,9°
120°   ±60° 158,0°   ±79,0°
130°   ±65° 147,2°   ±73,6°
 138,4°    ±69,2° 138,4°   ±69,2°
140°   ±70° 136,8°   ±68,4°
150°   ±75° 127,2°   ±63,6°
160°   ±80° 118,4°   ±59,2°
170°   ±85° 109,8°   ±54,9°
180°   ±90° 101,8°   ±50,9°
 
The recording area of the microphone system is in the stereo recording technique the total angle - seen from the microphone array, or the microphone system - where the sound sources are situated and is completely spread oud when playing on the stereo loudspeaker base from the direction of the speakers L and R. It is the maximum imaging range of the sound between the loudspeakers. Only half the recording angle is often referred to as "recording range" is assumed. This causes confusion. The axis angle is referred by Dickreiter and other sound authors as "opening angle" or "displacement angle" where unfortunately not the angle between the microphones, but the recording angle, ie the angle of the recording range is referred to, and sometimes the half angle is meant.
 
Question: At which axis angle α the microphone axis shows exactly to the outer edges of the recording range 2×θmax?
What is the axis angle to be adjusted for the smallest possible recording range θmax and what value is the recording range?
 
"Aufnahmebereich von XY-Mikrofonen bei verschiedenen Achsenwinkeln – Richtcharakteristik: Niere /Niere":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/AufnahmebereichVonXYMikrofonenNiere.pdf
 
"Der Aufnahmebereich des Mikrofonsystems – Wichtige berechnete Werte":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/AufnahmebereichWichtigeWerte.pdf
 
"Visualisierung XY Stereo-Mikrofonsystem Niere/Niere 90° Intensitäts-Stereofonie":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Visualization-XY90.htm
 
"Visualisierung XY Stereo-Mikrofonsystem Niere/Niere 120° Intensitäts-Stereofonie":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Visualization-XY120.htm
 
"SRA Berechnung von Δ L und Δ t für Stereo-Mikrofonsysteme – flash":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/SRAflash.swf
 
"Abbildungsbreite und Aufnahmebereich bei 'Intensitäts'-Stereofonie":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Rechner-AufnahmebereichUndAchsenwinkel.htm
 
"Der 'magische' Aufnahmebereich? ... oder eher der unverstandene Aufnahmewinkel von Mikrofonsystemen (Stereomikrofonen) in der Tontechnik":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/AufnahmebereichMikrofonsystem.htm
 
"Taschenlampe und Aufnahmebereich":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/TaschenlampeUndAufnahmebereich.pdf
 
"Der Aufnahmebereich des Mikrofonsystems – Wichtige berechnete Werte":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/AufnahmebereichWichtigeWerte.pdf
 
"Abbildungsbreite und Aufnahmebereich bei 'Intensitäts'-Stereofonie":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/AbbildungsbreiteAufnahmebereichPegel.pdf
 
"Der Aufnahmebereich von X/Y-Koinzidenzmikrofonen (Niere/Niere)":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Koinzidenz1XYNiere-Niere.pdf
 
"Ausdehnungsbereich des Klangkörpers":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/AusdehnungsbereichDesKlangkoerpers.pdf
 
"Berechnen: Ausdehnungsbereich des Klangkörpers (Orchesterwinkel)":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Rechner-ausdehnungsbereich.htm
 
"Bestimmen von Aufnahmebereich und Hörereignisrichtung für jedes beliebige Stereo-Mikrofonsystem":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/BestimmenVonAufnahmebereich.pdf
 
X/Y Microphone Systems – cardioid/cardioid – Zoom H4n Recorder (H1, H2, H6)
Wrong Note of the recording area 2 × θmax depending on the axis angle α at the "Zoom Recorder"
 
Koinzidenzmikrofon Alpha
 
The user can expect the following when he follows the Instructions of the Zoom Recorder
and he aligns the microphones with ±45° = 90° to the he edge of the musical ensemble.
 

Koinzidenzmikrofon Alpha
 
In a X/Y microphone system cardioid/cardioid an axis angle of α = ±45° = 90° generates a large recording range of θmax = ±98° = 196°. In a X/Y microphone system cardioid/cardioid an axis angle of α = ±60° = 120° generates a slightly smaller recording range of ±79° = 158°
 
X/Y coincidence microphone system
cardioid/cadioid – Axix angle
of α = ±45° = 90°.
Aufnahmebereich Achsenwinkel 90 Grad That makes a
recording range of
θmax = ±98° = 196°.
 
Which user has in mind in this popular X/Y microphone system the large recording range of ±98° = 196°? The microphone manufacturers will never state this correctly.
 
"Zoom H4n Audio Recorder - Achsenwinkel und Aufnahmebereich":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/ZoomH4AudioRecorder.pdf
 
"Das unmögliche Hauptmikrofon für "Intensitäts"-Stereofonie mit dem kleinen Achsenwinkel von α = 90°":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/DasUnmoeglicheHauptmikrofonFuerIntensitaet.pdf
 
"So wird das Stereomikrofon NT4 der Firma Røde erklärt":
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/DasStereomikrofonNT4.pdf

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