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Michael Williams (AES) - Stereo Microphone Arrays
MMAD = Multichannel Microphone Array
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Michael Williams, "The Stereophonic Zoom: A Practical Approach to Determining the Characteristics of a Spaced Pair of Microphones (312 KB)", 75th AES Convention March 1984, Paris - AES Preprint No. 2072 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11692 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Stereo/2072%20Paris%201984%20(10%20pages).pdf ● Michael Williams, "Unified Theory of Microphone Systems for Stereophonic Sound Recording (1.52 MB)", 82nd AES Convention March 1987, London - AES Preprint No. 2466 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=4963 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Stereo/2466%20London%201997%20(41%20pages).pdf Gert Simonsen, "Master's Thesis at the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby (1984)", used by Michael Williams. Test signals are maracas and claves clicks. Found maximum time difference is Δ t = 1.12 ms and maximum level difference is Δ L = 15 dB. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams-Kurven Michael Williams, "Operational Limits of the Variable M/S Stereophonic Microphone System (449 KB)", 88th AES Convention March 1990, Montreux - AES Preprint No. 2931 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5763 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Stereo/2931%20Montreux%201990%20(10%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "Early Reflections and Reverberant Field Distribution in Dual Microphone Stereophonic Sound Recording Systems (1.53 MB)", 91st AES Convention October 1991, New York - AES Preprint No. 3155 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=10231 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Stereo/3155%20New%20York%201991%20(28%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "Microphone Arrays for Natural Multiphony (342 KB)", 91st AES Convention October 1991, New York - AES Preprint No. 3157 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5559 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/3157%20New%20York%201991%20(13%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "Frequency Dependent Hybrid Arrays for Stereophonic Sound Recording (1.12 MB)" 92nd AES Convention March 1992, Vienna - AES Preprint No. 3252 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=6881 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Stereo/3252%20Vienna%201992%20(32%20pages).pdf Colin Preston, "An Analysis of Frequency Dependent Hybrid Microphone Arrays for Stereophonic Sound Recording", 105th AES Convention, September 1998, San Francisco - AES Preprint No. 4793 (Convention Paper) https://secure.aes.org/forum/pubs/conventions/?elib=8387 Michael Williams, "The Basic Principles of I.S.S.R. (Individual Sound Source Reinforcement) (445 KB)", 93rd AES Convention October 1992, San Francisco - AES Preprint No. 3413 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=6721 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Stereo/3413%20San%20Francisco%201992%20(9%20pages).pdf Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "Microphone Array Analysis for Multichannel Sound Recording (2.10 MB)", 107th AES Convention September 1999, New York - AES Preprint No. 4997 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=8183 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/4997%20New%20York%201999%20(31%20pages).pdf Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "Loudspeaker Configuration and Channel Crosstalk in Multichannel Microphone Array Design" Tonmeistertagung VDT 2000 in Hannover http://www.vdtshop.de/2000D06 Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD (32.08 MB)", 108th AES Convention February 2000, Paris - AES Preprint No. 5157 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=9181 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/5157%20Paris%202000%20(22%20pages).pdf Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "The Quick Reference Guide to Multichannel Microphone Arrays - Part 1: using Cardioid Microphones (215.23 KB)", 110th AES Convention May 2001, Amsterdam - AES Preprint No. 5336 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=9937 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/5336%20Amsterdam%202001%20(20%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD: Segment Coverage Analysis above and below the Horizontal Reference Plane (641.04 KB)", 112th AES Convention May 2002, Munich - AES Preprint No. 5567 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11372 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/5567%20Munich%202002%20(9%20pages).PDF Michael Williams, "Multichannel Microphone Support System (190.32 KB)", 24th AES International Conference June 2003, Banff, Multichannel Audio, The New Reality - Article No. 26 http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12289 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/24th%20ICP%20Banff%202003%20Poster%20Session.pdf Michael Williams, "Multichannel Sound Recording Practice using Microphone Arrays (528.17 KB)", 24th AES International Conference June 2003, Banff, Multichannel Audio, The New Reality - Article No. 28 http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12287 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/24th%20ICP%20Banff%202003%20Paper%20(16%20pages).PDF Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "The Quick Reference Guide to Multichannel Microphone Arrays - Part 2: using Supercardioid and Hypocardioid Microphones (5.79 MB)", 116th AES Convention May 2004, Berlin - AES Preprint No. 6059 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12736 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/6059%20Berlin%202004%20(26%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "Multichannel Sound Recording using 3,4 and 5 channel arrays for Front Sound Stage Coverage (4.64 MB)", 117th AES Convention October 2004, San Francisco - AES Preprint No. 6230 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12887 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/6230%20San%20Francisco%202004%20(57%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "The Basic Principles and Design Procedure for Multi-format-compatible Microphone Arrays (775.70 kB)", Tutorial Paper International Tonmeister Symposium November 2005, Schloss Hohenkammer, Bavaria, Germany (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.tonmeister.de/symposium/2005/np_pdf/A02.pdf Michael Williams, "The Whys and Wherefores of Acoustic Cross-talk in Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD (574.30 KB)", 118th AES Convention November 2005, Barcelona - AES Preprint No. 6373 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=13089 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/6373%20Barcelona%202005%20(6%20pages).pdf Michael Williams, "Magic Arrays - Multichannel Microphone Array MMAD Design Applied to Microphone Arrays Generating Interformat Compatability (1.19 MB)", 122nd AES Convention May 2007, Vienna - AES Preprint No. 7057 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14042 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/7057%20Vienna%202007.pdf Michael Williams, "Migration of 5.0 Multichannel Microphone Array Design to Higher Order MMAD (6.0, 7.0 & 8.0) with or without the Inter-format Compatibility Criteria (6.51 MB)", 124th AES Convention May 2008, Amsterdam - AES Preprint No. 7480 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14610 http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/7480%20Amsterdam%202008.pdf Michael Williams, "The 'Williams Star' Microphone Array Support System" 131st AES Convention October 2011, New York - eBrief: 91 http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16585 http://www.aes.org/tmpFiles/elib/20140326/16585.pdf http://www.posthorn.com/Micarray_williamsstar.html Michael Williams, "CAMAD - Computer Assisted Microphone Array Design " 131st AES Convention, October 2011, New York - AES Preprint No. 8461 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=15987 Michael Williams, "Microphone Array Design for Localization with Elevation Cues" 132nd AES Convention, April 2012, Budapest - AES Preprint No. 8601 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16239 Michael Williams, "The Psychoacoustic Testing of the 3-D Multiformat Microphone Array Design and the Basic Isosceles Triangle Structure of the Array and the Loudspeaker Reproduction Configuration" 134th AES Convention, May 2013, Rome - AES Preprint No. 8839 (Convention Paper) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16740 |
Home Page of Michael Williams (read me) http://www.mmad.info/ SOS_MMAD Web-site project - Multichannel Microphone Array Design = MMAD Audio Engineering and Sound Recording Practice http://www.mmad.info/SOS_MMAD.htm Michael Williams, "The Stereophonic Zoom" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.reddingaudio.com/downloads/Rycote%20Technical/The%20Stereophonic%20Zoom.pdf Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "Multichannel Sound Recording - Multichannel Microphone Array Design" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.microphone-data.com/media/filestore/articles/MMAD-10.pdf http://www.reddingaudio.com/downloads/Rycote%20Technical/MMAD%20-%20Multichannel%20Microphone%20Array%20Design.pdf Benjamin Weiss, "Durch eine Angabe über die Summenleistung erweiterte Williamskurven" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.kreatiefton.de/mic/Facharbeit_Summenleistung.pdf Geoff Martin, "Towards a Better Understanding of Stereo Microphone Techniques" (No AES Convention Paper) http://richbreen.info/McGill_Paper/mic_pairs.html Markus Kortschak, "Universal Multi-Format Microphone Array for Natural Multiphony (UMA)" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.mpkortschak.com/pdf/BRA1108_303_KortschakM_Webauzug.pdf Christian Sobtzick, "Williams Microphone Array (WMA) - Untersuchung der Gestaltungsprinzipien in Hinblick auf die Wiedergabequalität" (No AES Convention Paper) http://iem.kug.ac.at/fileadmin/media/iem/altdaten/projekte/bachelorarbeit/wma/wma.pdf Michael Williams, "The Williams Star Surround Microphone Array" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.posthorn.com/Micarray_williamsstar.html Michael Williams, "Microphone Arrays for Stereo and Multichannel Sound Recording" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.posthorn.com/Micarray_2.html 0. Intro and TOC: http://dl.brucetambling.com/PDF_Library/Textbooks/Microphones/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone_Ch00_Intro_and_TOC.pdf 1. The loudspeaker configuration: http://dl.brucetambling.com/PDF_Library/Textbooks/Microphones/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone_Ch01_Loudspeaker_Configuration.pdf 2. The stereo zoom - A variable two channel microphone array: http://dl.brucetambling.com/PDF_Library/Textbooks/Microphones/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone_Ch02_Stereo_Zoom.pdf 3. The training of the ear - Experimantal recording and listening tests: http://dl.brucetambling.com/PDF_Library/Textbooks/Microphones/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone_Ch03_Training_of_the_Ear.pdf 4. More on microphones - A short tutorial: http://dl.brucetambling.com/PDF_Library/Textbooks/Microphones/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone/MichaelWilliams-StereoMicrophone_Ch04_More_on_Microphones.pdf Michael Williams, "Multichannel Sound Recording Practice using Microphones Arrays" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.mmad.info/Collected%20Papers/Multichannel/24th%20ICP%20Banff%202003%20Paper%20(16%20pages).PDF Michael Williams and Guillaume Le Dû, "Multichannel Sound Recording - Multichannel Microphone Array Design (MMAD)" (No AES Convention Paper) http://www.microphone-data.com/media/filestore/articles/MMAD-10.pdf "Multichannel Microphone Support System and Accessories showing flexibility to adjust for minimum and maximum wingspan" http://www.mmad.info/MSS/mmss.htm All array systems are designed for univalence - Number of microphones = number of channels = number of loudspeakers http://www.mmad.info/MAD/Ch_n_cov.htm SRA Diagram for Hypocardioid Microphones (back attenuation 10 dB) http://www.mmad.info/MAD/2%20Ch/SRA%20Hypo10.pdf SRA Diagram for Omnidirectional Microphones http://www.mmad.info/MAD/2%20Ch/SRA%20Omni.pdf Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD - Dual-Microphone Array Design for Stereophonic Sound Recording - Two Channel Stereophony http://www.mmad.info/MAD/2%20Ch/2ch.htm Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD - Four Channel Microphone Array Design for Front Sound Stage Coverage http://www.mmad.info/MAD/4Ch/4ch_FSSC/4ch_FSSC.htm Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD - Five Channel Microphone Array Design for Surround Sound Coverage using Cardioid Microphones http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/Card/All/FTC55/FTC55.htm Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD - Five Channel Microphone Array Design for Front Sound Stage Coverage http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/5ch_SRND_All.htm 5 Channel Microphone Array Design for Surround Sound Coverage using Supercardioid Microphones - FTC 80° + 80° (100° / 19cm) / LSC 65° / BPC 70° http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/Super/All/FTC80/B100/BPC70/BPC70.htm 5 Channel Microphone Array Design for Surround Sound Coverage using Hypocardioid Microphones http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/Hypo/All/All.htm 5 Channel Microphone Array Design for Surround Sound Coverage using Cardioid Microphones http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/Card/All/All.htm 5 Channel Microphone Array Design for Surround Sound Coverage using Supercardioid Microphones http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/Super/All/All.htm SOS Quick Reference Guide Cardioid Microphones - Front Triplet Coverage = 55° + 55° http://www.mmad.info/MAD/5Ch/5ch_Surround/Card/All/FTC55/B60/BPC40/Plan%20A.pdf Google Search: "SOS Quick Reference Guide Cardioid Microphones": http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=SOS+Quick+Reference+Guide+Cardioid+Microphones&filter=0 Surround Sound - System Michael Williams http://www.sengpielaudio.com/Surround-Williams-Brauner.pdf Sound Recording System of Michael Williams by David Adamcyk http://music.columbia.edu/cmc/courses/g6631/fall2012/assets/SoundRecording.pdf |
Audio Engineering Society "The Stereophonic Zoom: A Practical Approach to Determining the Characteristics of a Spaced Pair of Directional Microphones" 75th AES Convention, March 1984, Paris - Preprint No. 2072 E-Library Location: (CD aes 10) /pp8185/pp8403/2159.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11692 ● "Unified Theory of Microphone Systems for Stereophonic Sound Recording" 82nd AES Convention, March 1987, London - Preprint No. 2466 E-Library Location: (CD aes 10) /pp8185/pp8403/2159.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=4963 "Operational Limits of the Variable M/S Stereophonic Microphone System" 88th AES Convention, March 1990, Montreux - Preprint No. 2931 E-Library Location: (CD aes 11) /pp8690/pp9003/3013.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5763 "Early Reflections and Reverberant Field Distribution in Dual Microphone Stereophonic Sound Recording Systems", 91st AES Convention October 1991, New York - Preprint No. 3155 E-Library Location: (CD aes18) /2001upd1/pp9193/pp9110/3215.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=10231 "Microphone Arrays for Natural Multiphony" 91st AES Convention, October 1991, New York, Preprint No. 3157 E-Library Location: (CD aes 12) /pp9193/pp9110/3217.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5559 "Frequency Dependent Hybrid Arrays for Stereophonic Sound Recording" 92nd AES Convention, March 1992, Vienna - Preprint No. 3252 E-Library Location: (CD aes12) /pp9193/pp9203/3312.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=6881 "The Basic Principles of I.S.S.R. (Individual Sound Source Reinforcement)" 93rd AES Convention, October 1992, San Francisco - Preprint No. 3413 E-Library Location: (CD aes 12) /pp9193/pp9210/3472.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=6721 "Microphone Array Analysis for Multichannel Sound Recording" 107th AES Convention, September 1999, New York - Preprint No. 4997 E-Library Location: (CD aes 15) /pp9900/pp9909/4760.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=8183 "Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD" 108th AES Convention, February 2000, Paris - Preprint No. 5157 E-Library Location: (CD aes 15) /pp9900/pp0002/5157.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=9181 "The Quick Reference Guide to Multichannel Microphone Arrays - Part 1: using Cardioid Microphones" 110th AES Convention, May 2001, Amsterdam - Preprint No. 5336 E-Library Location: (CD aes 18) /pp2001/pp0105/110091.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=9937 "Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD: Segment Coverage Analysis above and below the Horizontal Reference Plane", 112th AES Convention May 2002, Munich - Preprint No. 5567 E-Library Location: (CD aes19) /pp2002/pp0205/000161.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11372 "Multichannel Microphone Support System" 24th AES International Conference: Multichannel Audio, The New Reality, June 2003, Banff - Article Number: 26 E-Library Location: (CD aes20) /pr2003/2003ba06/00025.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12289 "Multichannel Sound Recording Practice Using Microphone Arrays" 24th AES International Conference: Multichannel Audio, The New Reality, June 2003, Banff - Article Number: 28 E-Library Location: (CD aes20) /pr2003/2003ba06/00027.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12287 The Quick Reference Guide to Multichannel Microphone Arrays - Part 2: using Supercardioid and Hypocardioid Microphones" 116th AES Convention, May 2004, Berlin - Preprint No. 6059 E-Library Location: (CD 116 Papers) /116/6059.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12736 "Multichannel Sound Recording using 3, 4 and 5 Channel Arrays for Front Sound Stage Coverage" 117th AES Convention, October 2004, San Francisco - Preprint No. 6230 E-Library Location: (CD 117 Papers) /117/6230.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=12887 "The Whys and Wherefores of Acoustic Cross-talk in Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD" 118th AES Convention, November 2005, Barcelona - Preprint No. 6373 E-Library Location: (CD 118 Papers) /118/6373.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=13089 "Magic Arrays - Multichannel Microphone Array Design MMAD Applied to Microphone Arrays Generating Interformat Compatability" 122th AES Convention, May 2007, Vienna - Preprint No. 7057 E-Library Location: (CD 122 Papers) /122/7057.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14042 "Migration of 5.0 Multichannel Microphone Array Design to Higher Order MMAD (6.0, 7.0 & 8.0) with or without the Inter-format Compatibility Criteria" 124th AES Convention, May 2008, Amsterdam - Preprint No. 7480 E-Library Location: (CD 124 Papers) /124/7480.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=14610 "The 'Williams Star' Microphone Array Support System" 131th AES Convention October 2011, New York - eBrief: 91 E-Library Location: http://www.aes.org/tmpFiles/elib/20140327/16585.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16585 "CAMAD - Computer Assisted Microphone Array Design " 131st AES Convention, October 2011, New York - Preprint No. 8461 E-Library Location: (CD 131 Papers) /131/8461.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=15987 "Microphone Array Design for Localization with Elevation Cues" 132nd AES Convention, April 2012, Budapest - Preprint No. 8601 E-Library Location: (CD 132 Papers) /conv/132/8601.pdf http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16239 "The Psychoacoustic Testing of the 3-D Multiformat Microphone Array Design and the Basic Isosceles Triangle Structure of the Array and the Loudspeaker Reproduction Configuration" 134th AES Convention, May 2013, Rome - AES Preprint No. 8839 E-Library Location: http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=16740 |
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